Multi-resolution rigid registration failed to converge on some dataset.

Hello,

I am using ITK5 to build an automated multi-resolution rigid registration for multi-modality 3D MR images, basically T1 and T2 registration. The results are quite good on most of my subjects, but there are a few subjects on those my registration algorithm does not converge. Here are a part of the source code and one result that went crazy during the iteration. I want to understand why it happens and how to improve the stability.

For information, the smoothing sigmas I use are 4, 2 and 1 for a 3-level multi-resolution registration. 4 is for the very coarse level, and 1 is for the very fine level (the values of sigmas are also given in the source code). The reason that I choose small sigmas is because that I have found using a small sigma or no gaussian smoothing (sigma=1 or 0) at the finest level generally gets better results (the mis-alignments between the moving and the fixed images are smaller) than bigger sigmas (2 or 3…).

#include "itkImageRegistrationMethodv4.h"
#include "itkVersorRigid3DTransform.h
#include "itkMattesMutualInformationImageToImageMetricv4.h"
#include "itkRegularStepGradientDescentOptimizerv4.h"
#include "itkCommand.h"
// ...

template <typename TRegistration>
class RegistrationInterfaceCommand : public itk::Command
{
// ...
    if (registration->GetCurrentLevel() == 0)
    {
      optimizer->SetLearningRate(16.00);
      optimizer->SetMinimumStepLength(1); //2.5
    }
    else
    {
      optimizer->SetLearningRate(optimizer->GetCurrentStepLength());
      optimizer->SetMinimumStepLength(optimizer->GetMinimumStepLength() * 0.1); //0.2
    }
// ...
}

int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
    // ...
  
    using TransformType = itk::VersorRigid3DTransform<double>;

    using RegistrationType = itk::ImageRegistrationMethodv4<FixedImageType, MovingImageType, TransformType>;

    using OptimizerType = itk::RegularStepGradientDescentOptimizerv4<double>;

    using MetricType = itk::MattesMutualInformationImageToImageMetricv4<FixedImageType, MovingImageType>;

    // ...

    using OptimizerScalesType = OptimizerType::ScalesType;
    OptimizerScalesType optimizerScales(Transform->GetNumberOfParameters());
    const double translationScale = 1.0 / 1000.0;
    optimizerScales[0] = 1.0;
    optimizerScales[1] = 1.0;
    optimizerScales[2] = 1.0;
    optimizerScales[3] = translationScale;
    optimizerScales[4] = translationScale;
    optimizerScales[5] = translationScale;
    optimizer->SetScales(optimizerScales);

    optimizer->SetNumberOfIterations(200);
    optimizer->SetRelaxationFactor(0.5);

    metric->SetNumberOfHistogramBins(50);
    registration->SetNumberOfLevels(3);

    RegistrationType::ShrinkFactorsArrayType shrinkFactorsPerLevel;
    shrinkFactorsPerLevel[0]=4;
    shrinkFactorsPerLevel[1]=2;
    shrinkFactorsPerLevel[2]=1
    registration->SetShrinkFactorsPerLevel(shrinkFactorsPerLevel);

    registration->SetSmoothingSigmasAreSpecifiedInPhysicalUnits(false);
    RegistrationType::SmoothingSigmasArrayType  smoothingSigmasPerLevel;
    smoothingSigmasPerLevel.SetSize(3);
    smoothingSigmasPerLevel[0]=4;
    smoothingSigmasPerLevel[1]=2;
    smoothingSigmasPerLevel[2]=1;
    registration->SetSmoothingSigmasPerLevel(smoothingSigmasPerLevel);


    // ...
}

And one failed result I got is this:

  -------------------------------------
  Current level = 0
     Shrink factor = [4, 4, 4]
     Smoothing sigma = 4

  0   -0.733149   [-0.9263068972697296, -0.36179856746411254, 0.07263498269129506, 5.332439363952538, -6.637601332183772, -13.212873107993977]   0
  1   -0.191829   [-0.8759868251199792, -0.45856679931259603, 0.04274679556310132, 1.912725536287918, -0.64078318603611, -9.200531745698711]   1
  2   -0.235488   [-0.8429528976766242, -0.5375091101512786, -0.021693675940054925, -2.800149010626315, 4.484608455513287, -5.278417288183214]   2
  3   -0.279343   [0.5810137381977183, 0.4027944740920511, -0.009592710017768104, -6.601922401165744, 9.704019816707206, -5.258936274885786]   3
  4   -0.244462   [0.6363684292657169, 0.3249588551518063, -0.08165876371218779, -7.813217359800395, 8.777643017993581, -1.5688622817441833]   4
  5   -0.280338   [0.7125188955524352, 0.22221747628069877, -0.14099002119462142, -8.203371636861585, 8.432349574928773, 2.386009694637051]   5
  6   -0.308272   [0.8631588611445928, 0.0657707944573068, -0.14334855768845234, -5.926626969163246, 8.12008811751936, 5.612716041046605]   6
  7   -0.350938   [0.924737467971267, -0.14108239669337416, -0.017663182258158272, -2.281900535667566, 8.374170697770245, 4.08441530998319]   7
  8   -0.379674   [0.9613330592905334, -0.07936569759944935, 0.04944499862555255, 1.5416077615615738, 7.650227073820257, 3.1997642194963296]   8
  9   -0.394592   [0.9839639701995025, 0.17241030226052198, 0.024402675805923743, 4.839994041916466, 9.80421181028754, 3.043914387855261]   9
  10   -0.366561   [0.9784011268024441, 0.2017283172792666, -0.013840060741934047, 3.1426348108360247, 10.841560079489865, 2.861178959103724]   10
  11   -0.37658   [0.9712492333360878, 0.20787272473954113, -0.058111771949200655, 1.3589289855171487, 11.686358056603218, 2.7424388570758698]   11
  12   -0.393754   [0.9764159713159172, 0.17896991069535495, -0.10858867303628511, -0.5086515983058342, 12.28739372045914, 2.949968315106795]   12
  13   -0.394075   [0.9624974677148777, 0.10374942931182482, -0.14028604644447795, -2.128730133293009, 13.320395674553204, 3.035890901903846]   13
  14   -0.393914   [0.9658325709637364, -0.05425982851936116, -0.11015595964355138, -3.8274594710263306, 13.281566558026809, 3.5185818194795284]   14
  15   -0.393761   [0.9874717891613721, -0.09361251147613073, -0.07519642837481721, -2.896708134588527, 13.07800105411728, 3.3927558919831227]   15
  16   -0.414078   [0.9892155820867167, -0.1076811604995671, -0.045397371227273005, -2.01335649367855, 13.278361831980904, 3.2216160000074265]   16
  17   -0.417239   [0.9900488944279731, -0.11020620077789288, -0.017250173778628218, -1.1128733585858912, 13.513015879997907, 3.12508220734304]   17
  18   -0.419076   [0.9889079727253617, -0.09841772588997635, 0.007564451481912156, -0.23758819400318754, 13.787060594177838, 3.1065301161055436]   18
  19   -0.421628   [0.9933731695929913, -0.06782217581991092, 0.02725866835262499, 0.6523916065831211, 13.974137614213646, 3.019906456152648]   19
  20   -0.42274   [0.9866332376011676, -0.02151503189601338, 0.038964348126677165, 1.4734281161366554, 14.246538738497657, 3.0109785202109234]   20
  21   -0.42239   [0.9665891621169802, 0.06818214721107235, 0.0288295084653986, 2.0281167110336797, 14.214837414026166, 3.027235418644008]   21
  -------------------------------------
  Current level = 1
     Shrink factor = [2, 2, 2]
     Smoothing sigma = 2

  0   -0.165818   [-0.925357805270639, -0.3678443324508694, 0.07003382321146866, 5.104457053027096, -6.258609962438153, -12.982499148092636]   22
  1   -0.170225   [-0.9242723196322958, -0.37395533615702053, 0.06744078600633185, 4.872553438174363, -5.875925015593804, -12.764476879907527]   23
  2   -0.175174   [-0.9228678423531748, -0.3795302083014648, 0.06515496691732986, 4.6373307546655385, -5.493018805703098, -12.554766331503036]   24
  3   -0.181715   [-0.9002126411609571, -0.3729385858294942, 0.06255691686672964, 4.526627981032414, -5.3191263196865215, -12.460240610914896]   25
  4   -0.166954   [-0.8988147741059745, -0.37820380837469186, 0.058684380239440496, 4.332656941697785, -4.9680207257434414, -12.162077931410956]   26
  5   -0.169421   [-0.8974372116369461, -0.383163607742936, 0.05454913996986776, 4.144184626795788, -4.613284441135864, -11.864671468866156]   27
  6   -0.171992   [-0.8960294461573377, -0.3880078407515677, 0.0506052794555148, 3.954124113352406, -4.256021098219392, -11.57130885869079]   28
  7   -0.17452   [-0.8945329413529126, -0.3927940851103804, 0.04654438110667645, 3.7565462966897605, -3.8974977237901602, -11.284520819041582]   29
  8   -0.177228   [-0.893073260495885, -0.3982703951042737, 0.04270336502680604, 3.54694625720387, -3.5441117364591066, -10.999996593588236]   30
  9   -0.179887   [-0.8917511459782593, -0.402988724120896, 0.038672574747297746, 3.3433000521152207, -3.1887345432212735, -10.713560888525159]   31
  10   -0.182599   [-0.8907572166808908, -0.4080763343356853, 0.03500111757664416, 3.1283769203972276, -2.8359114940749586, -10.432396362798384]   32
  11   -0.185375   [-0.8897144806413659, -0.41234870469471696, 0.03170403608800336, 2.920159703160874, -2.477397612485587, -10.153220888600227]   33
  12   -0.188227   [-0.8895069704613835, -0.4163908090888854, 0.028359245159709393, 2.695386125890537, -2.1165774910106894, -9.890617439521083]   34
  13   -0.191164   [-0.8899451969489741, -0.41941946185259477, 0.024826806411803702, 2.4669359785716853, -1.7528708334162935, -9.635382018656843]   35
  14   -0.194149   [-0.8899849883770795, -0.4222436983881426, 0.021376244369684223, 2.2215281542697514, -1.3934443054590209, -9.38974963087036]   36
  15   -0.197016   [-0.8902905083577677, -0.4246791647800027, 0.018085283389813363, 1.9610480857416466, -1.0367226593601728, -9.15605594017561]   37
  16   -0.200109   [-0.8911790506866288, -0.4268636532161478, 0.014601540714027658, 1.6987011304274675, -0.6782774807194962, -8.92763269742938]   38
  17   -0.20338   [-0.892609971313073, -0.4289708256956284, 0.011205424426267138, 1.4368362652633277, -0.3180131731590729, -8.702456232986432]   39
  18   -0.207198   [-0.8948186503199645, -0.43068581821958923, 0.007439807193324334, 1.1792349394289712, 0.05425310153903656, -8.494571103551753]   40
  19   -0.211672   [-0.8962831081961655, -0.43170871400106947, 0.0036241160866411, 0.9282332126620418, 0.44228118259744825, -8.30653216158485]   41
  20   -0.215567   [-0.8979578016971458, -0.4325239302827552, 0.00012611599773141137, 0.6745792819605017, 0.8330938974757329, -8.129828463101125]   42
  21   -0.219986   [-0.8993297522411758, -0.43300070679577385, -0.0034295940388321946, 0.42428745739645846, 1.235629692442797, -7.976190797822581]   43
  22   -0.224458   [-0.9007931442073573, -0.43284151326304304, -0.007623228141168549, 0.18182142517369806, 1.6497935103071022, -7.846843722895878]   44
  23   -0.230441   [-0.9017218652813284, -0.43177597351274905, -0.011923069098106621, -0.042625547697304395, 2.0703892287599213, -7.738331630297215]   45
  24   -0.235023   [-0.9001617249717538, -0.4279121087901158, -0.016833032158279648, -0.23901114189993375, 2.478872133323959, -7.658656893669951]   46
  25   -0.228304   [-0.9040621749932988, -0.42463791667625456, -0.02155825859725272, -0.493314729492467, 2.883906663923926, -7.532576796152746]   47
  26   -0.235289   [-0.906797236082112, -0.42064106092626263, -0.026635128836558282, -0.7099755412182263, 3.319837483122768, -7.443672928356708]   48
  27   -0.242654   [-0.9012187974459399, -0.41231234058907185, -0.030912190408688058, -0.87416074585958, 3.7001626725063685, -7.406122563997332]   49
  28   -0.226219   [-0.909628741476757, -0.40525189726308697, -0.03635132665987023, -1.1546888503008423, 4.065655359408644, -7.236832959709584]   50
  29   -0.23549   [-0.9162597171934478, -0.39663914657533816, -0.04214937208722823, -1.3978107398313029, 4.47635688381423, -7.123518829496737]   51
  30   -0.244331   [-0.9205228276029965, -0.3876485001464969, -0.04823340854653245, -1.5774947880691668, 4.931866851232399, -7.0768956287230464]   52
  31   -0.250684   [-0.9171489410460895, -0.3752978647077677, -0.05368213562216609, -1.7012674139375772, 5.339684803923876, -7.05055470834848]   53
  32   -0.2337   [-0.9281366410328409, -0.36163038868929465, -0.060102546266258876, -1.9336199069107947, 5.741130904159817, -6.9096525362799825]   54
  33   -0.246485   [-0.9356778677927674, -0.3462680102835435, -0.06736822700720943, -2.1059768590070234, 6.188809836192489, -6.833785636126782]   55
  34   -0.25745   [-0.9406958188416923, -0.33064091413730823, -0.0755098396942315, -2.223945769532191, 6.669634383251642, -6.783954314480191]   56
  35   -0.259537   [-0.946212694907357, -0.312122543770429, -0.08417468755887808, -2.3273443899603232, 7.153714389774761, -6.72848622554401]   57
  36   -0.260884   [-0.9519821377278442, -0.29118521232997696, -0.09271267001867436, -2.391865404154327, 7.638191930248697, -6.658603443485945]   58
  37   -0.262504   [-0.9575823021252302, -0.26819418939376605, -0.10057191384818075, -2.4201037649934816, 8.117537150554696, -6.575546904442142]   59
  38   -0.263229   [-0.9637983850095505, -0.2422849799874104, -0.10870742623282147, -2.429858556138909, 8.588217107428903, -6.461740574678728]   60
  39   -0.266665   [-0.9697361221544298, -0.21306034895581893, -0.11555871246797618, -2.378756094183432, 9.053594326734553, -6.33649073226307]   61
  40   -0.268846   [-0.9756466635127031, -0.18266096780584146, -0.12126685717100173, -2.304219663612551, 9.515263150649709, -6.187583886525595]   62
  41   -0.275248   [-0.9782429381622855, -0.14863409006545836, -0.12733182811300656, -2.1507065323327077, 9.947876254098734, -6.049892338423588]   63
  42   -0.269738   [-0.9840604741567089, -0.11437438809783523, -0.13068383185182905, -1.9922702606690412, 10.37040766739417, -5.855576068060787]   64
  43   -0.278805   [-0.987824902891459, -0.07978119946507067, -0.13349608288137932, -1.7767606338381747, 10.77217022694567, -5.675143957272761]   65
  44   -0.286237   [-0.9861571870577481, -0.0465540663651426, -0.1344036856688025, -1.497885506195055, 11.112376675235712, -5.515055589971861]   66
  45   -0.279441   [-0.9896194584149618, -0.015209989866006933, -0.13358717374473358, -1.2171327281268156, 11.457376962576307, -5.306679763003057]   67
  46   -0.287929   [-0.9904669785975865, 0.016715894345531432, -0.13277929827778154, -0.898819009029671, 11.782041044126492, -5.112068907282296]   68
  47   -0.292555   [-0.989171249203694, 0.048207894970332524, -0.13110706236159023, -0.5403243939057008, 12.06888732827803, -4.9260525901896495]   69
  48   -0.293751   [-0.987481166483558, 0.07929218908071525, -0.12792641186715073, -0.1855230434777863, 12.355302532457625, -4.730742270539382]   70
  49   -0.29571   [-0.9851294260635808, 0.10873198349287472, -0.12345039402271298, 0.17534725576035382, 12.633926341698055, -4.5344014987318655]   71
  50   -0.297586   [-0.9822093419644586, 0.13630112897437185, -0.11834232802811712, 0.544569576875381, 12.901895842362428, -4.337757978643693]   72
  51   -0.299129   [-0.9787853646218182, 0.16214059052084812, -0.11188154088548058, 0.9090802819423833, 13.179981030350504, -4.145837267101502]   73
  52   -0.299918   [-0.9758597319275882, 0.1860272616657608, -0.1033518863636072, 1.2673673034444217, 13.461214162384818, -3.9465346428502435]   74
  53   -0.301249   [-0.9717428754914894, 0.20927699120333404, -0.0930259185978707, 1.620751941468307, 13.732249369176625, -3.7257555833675795]   75
  54   -0.301127   [-0.9677997109300885, 0.23049866333492047, -0.08084832581062627, 1.9630607240842861, 14.011662080690108, -3.4971893878539473]   76
  55   -0.3012   [-0.9636460685087992, 0.2513745479265786, -0.06676703289906473, 2.309927879614788, 14.276407078254413, -3.258469252789649]   77
  56   -0.301314   [-0.9590926676099415, 0.27103956639191545, -0.052297711079512026, 2.6670113899452375, 14.53413719236776, -3.026977767952518]   78
  57   -0.301063   [-0.9545323996752234, 0.28938300551040297, -0.03736703264787272, 3.05523156876583, 14.761352928256446, -2.8140807000727075]   79
  58   -0.300867   [-0.9492325577819646, 0.30673522332412295, -0.020807744010985844, 3.4686916882363943, 14.955142433103898, -2.616699604762967]   80
  59   -0.299372   [-0.9463969225244658, 0.31953977294541147, -0.003068544643698528, 3.908779185984713, 15.113762962059672, -2.4502948018627926]   81
  60   -0.299224   [-0.9430150116403059, 0.32556208434289613, 0.01891645652074097, 4.390978287398183, 15.207068280821632, -2.3781632832921757]   82
  61   -0.296299   [-0.9461141414714858, 0.3194929803558318, 0.045058020824795784, 4.881147124727425, 15.231987938752942, -2.394087670227974]   83
  62   -0.2978   [-0.922624193928644, 0.29195995473355885, 0.06648890482088528, 5.070966028965843, 15.273629012854064, -2.5304930091225373]   84
  63   -0.258637   [-0.9457395575478134, 0.2724674462826168, 0.08441279954457773, 5.288952614864694, 15.584451766335075, -2.265403667437342]   85
  64   -0.28049   [-0.9689332278103917, 0.22134475771007298, 0.10922404013287773, 5.346021953224784, 15.965518784518984, -2.176326668141574]   86
  65   -0.306255   [-0.9396225706556334, 0.19634291901155326, 0.11345840220206552, 5.249527301919962, 16.00088768371235, -2.2010747324449618]   87
  66   -0.263439   [-0.9614448330856479, 0.16225154420333326, 0.12211431860255369, 5.133278801013146, 16.343336299593453, -1.897325464159635]   88
  67   -0.285498   [-0.9780489918746654, 0.11574261959866906, 0.1308557192034924, 4.877636210171303, 16.684916939807813, -1.7043574780541884]   89
  68   -0.305678   [-0.9849467134941096, 0.07229829919321373, 0.1353196345005947, 4.451881341682758, 16.865412817360102, -1.5503395238885411]   90
  69   -0.314721   [-0.9863535624503112, 0.03543029757464442, 0.13727438016894208, 3.9932786386333023, 16.995384296196693, -1.418948016634683]   91
  70   -0.317296   [-0.9867936604874552, 0.002220349859455982, 0.13719576011729487, 3.5294055479902875, 17.098548316983408, -1.2784363416792575]   92
  71   -0.319324   [-0.9868898832753977, -0.027608843508004646, 0.13397993752679252, 3.065246340838182, 17.19590983199931, -1.1318914583668422]   93
  72   -0.322172   [-0.9872616648795368, -0.05478915943181845, 0.1292713353684114, 2.6008985571287586, 17.29588890437029, -0.9874137635625656]   94
  73   -0.325586   [-0.98561485421978, -0.07829758515051997, 0.12305347400979604, 2.1270529799026563, 17.37753910869945, -0.8609907130470374]   95
  74   -0.32626   [-0.9851227642479249, -0.09856665550285064, 0.11601710371857357, 1.6567397339107242, 17.459009463745463, -0.7188713338306301]   96
  75   -0.328892   [-0.9839876652516821, -0.11605639350774523, 0.10762283289009375, 1.1809352864477423, 17.544985697065705, -0.597677668377306]   97
  76   -0.330356   [-0.9834929659982574, -0.13118208166535264, 0.09798589756559949, 0.703893235426408, 17.63374314757983, -0.4829264652228358]   98
  77   -0.332381   [-0.9827360972097647, -0.14457905872650056, 0.08719482155496162, 0.22363636760574823, 17.71831361158019, -0.3780087135175008]   99
  78   -0.333909   [-0.9825425226981144, -0.15684289603739604, 0.07481724883604722, -0.2584663567573885, 17.791667083156177, -0.27485278567435917]   100
  79   -0.335741   [-0.9816559636255555, -0.16809581307901098, 0.06118141426403543, -0.7493432776583788, 17.838171255124625, -0.19986653861733464]   101
  80   -0.336239   [-0.9813338477700431, -0.17604127713663037, 0.04599689556610882, -1.246508597213061, 17.85862295695849, -0.16553944235579526]   102
  81   -0.336745   [-0.9809804794180044, -0.178939929038977, 0.028461805012938005, -1.7448133574679232, 17.84457116883423, -0.16173688662932614]   103
  82   -0.336101   [-0.9819451144461997, -0.17318393169327378, 0.006115929015089821, -2.2372254491198853, 17.77564066268309, -0.18387451033796925]   104
  83   -0.334863   [-0.9894411024485972, -0.12238052427032531, -0.03681351578210678, -2.6733125944486575, 17.636976973277157, -0.3337040974849663]   105
  84   -0.33174   [-0.9923507093912546, -0.07587690768776686, -0.04730644783324176, -2.4547467524894193, 17.638682042809336, -0.40061502956759887]   106
  85   -0.33287   [-0.9951081671074995, -0.04473706115732764, -0.049397749664795605, -2.21784662796679, 17.681677027446316, -0.4034791072610586]   107
  86   -0.336092   [-0.9953104322177813, -0.017811646747828615, -0.05057775562125523, -1.9780493017217196, 17.721609846932203, -0.38714750704325385]   108
  87   -0.337519   [-0.9960891634292374, 0.005737232801412855, -0.050338673224213454, -1.7391236565272334, 17.760267023280132, -0.34926481098361384]   109
  88   -0.339279   [-0.9955953439101791, 0.025072164752853694, -0.04854208196371605, -1.4972301468387874, 17.797476697084715, -0.3170820530165164]   110
  89   -0.339986   [-0.9955176072744911, 0.04168433913383707, -0.04554121457239799, -1.255741484246355, 17.832320891140476, -0.27529017998591665]   111
  90   -0.341166   [-0.9948869144812309, 0.05539821383186175, -0.042016187430160105, -1.012354520858942, 17.861071322587566, -0.2350123746359741]   112
  91   -0.341829   [-0.9941009959803208, 0.06710654963327162, -0.037782756339504356, -0.7687711699216543, 17.891232808890706, -0.19506223838264924]   113
  92   -0.342521   [-0.9935485285478766, 0.07761942208498515, -0.03317837888940019, -0.5269973973779716, 17.93212976731783, -0.1521302328615623]   114
  93   -0.343195   [-0.9931688334082606, 0.08688016862772206, -0.02779313009265569, -0.28643501611476074, 17.974322357084553, -0.1036053099492819]   115
  94   -0.343955   [-0.9930221679155986, 0.09559919351026479, -0.02179222253478049, -0.046334817965160674, 18.0198999870175, -0.05760238868976635]   116
  95   -0.344948   [-0.9928854585780849, 0.10341816614169913, -0.015239739712948085, 0.19478720036689173, 18.058891922155677, -0.011404931298047788]   117
  96   -0.345721   [-0.9920741992961812, 0.10986928952799302, -0.007699365735547873, 0.4368915038994132, 18.100601770900496, 0.029840527183275317]   118
  97   -0.345814   [-0.9918201649797718, 0.11470244525457665, 0.0011207731264449494, 0.6755788030006297, 18.152782644047672, 0.0780056431163029]   119
  98   -0.34635   [-0.9914625922045586, 0.11845244989240648, 0.010923903628145316, 0.9146083669117342, 18.202475041902673, 0.12727576133399082]   120
  99   -0.346532   [-0.9906295479051428, 0.11899168152594636, 0.022354909626129363, 1.1508528395118223, 18.26104668613265, 0.17572267433318112]   121
  100   -0.346103   [-0.9908493166430918, 0.11561441334652976, 0.035199036319845486, 1.3899307009045068, 18.31090651443882, 0.2216747257760759]   122
  101   -0.346244   [-0.9897266687184523, 0.10468057760952654, 0.05096045146518653, 1.6207839737887468, 18.375074243575334, 0.2606303235473561]   123
  102   -0.344811   [-0.9925521883618272, 0.07226898670133464, 0.07557825764654816, 1.8256090012921975, 18.46193364433264, 0.3289174648731861]   124
  103   -0.346942   [-0.9914798303305697, 0.0431616099726984, 0.08601557053236995, 1.736437026982794, 18.48510659466566, 0.3562557832314204]   125
  104   -0.345028   [-0.9913301028952016, 0.024093417554861836, 0.08967291337508619, 1.6309831856874157, 18.49461616803232, 0.4091574520817015]   126
  105   -0.345089   [-0.991551174204955, 0.00809521615338267, 0.09080511643387419, 1.5205564454872815, 18.491111226523067, 0.4580208693927873]   127
  106   -0.345551   [-0.9915762116040893, -0.005862881272009594, 0.09062239000426509, 1.4101637120800938, 18.494305856103292, 0.5094868861834465]   128
  107   -0.345862   [-0.9917492011205299, -0.017496596962102623, 0.08970680904440884, 1.2963511289934442, 18.50146702963317, 0.554777067921959]   129
  108   -0.346436   [-0.99183415762465, -0.02752158409630273, 0.08856397418960253, 1.1810912879533535, 18.51046760329863, 0.597554435256704]   130
  109   -0.346905   [-0.991778922349373, -0.03644706129975344, 0.08709362934148684, 1.065150390177914, 18.518468751389886, 0.6398145333944504]   131
  110   -0.347348   [-0.9917838690399674, -0.044618241784555354, 0.085632263277202, 0.9501565127539198, 18.53014702817237, 0.6841439791378359]   132
  111   -0.347838   [-0.9917380883174906, -0.05187384940065049, 0.08399488563824842, 0.8330678393977832, 18.540791150587637, 0.7236995697819083]   133
  112   -0.348248   [-0.991705786248508, -0.05841432072330708, 0.08215939331964148, 0.7155654868843113, 18.55017702196133, 0.7627701548308277]   134
  113   -0.348654   [-0.9917202553181078, -0.064495009200278, 0.08014729493456946, 0.5981256381222355, 18.561088152657877, 0.8017159690921236]   135
  114   -0.349113   [-0.9916095461114857, -0.07031505520521805, 0.07797091270313974, 0.4800450632156195, 18.569909947650732, 0.8396797382730988]   136
  115   -0.349404   [-0.9914601685320859, -0.07564885081900792, 0.075587855917701, 0.3610368649497796, 18.57776811258179, 0.8751943657939545]   137
  116   -0.3496   [-0.9913480591913695, -0.0805307468139973, 0.07292625858572827, 0.24180236359585927, 18.586553338241448, 0.9098846684010452]   138
  117   -0.349802   [-0.9911684801757772, -0.08504588868673839, 0.07004677490697223, 0.12226531583104558, 18.596282733967836, 0.9434453255605056]   139
  118   -0.3499   [-0.990901401575419, -0.08907249173999272, 0.06692903796870811, 0.0029127923371791847, 18.6071319274808, 0.9773060925368862]   140
  119   -0.349854   [-0.9907869308111794, -0.09249220841550619, 0.06358185816863714, -0.11742674015490076, 18.617467016711625, 1.0080407310920063]   141
  120   -0.349935   [-0.9908328634310787, -0.09541590698581041, 0.05996628073645356, -0.23796745168104816, 18.629758113260777, 1.0372080094117715]   142
  121   -0.350109   [-0.9909553239624105, -0.09809627926579473, 0.05620399605829597, -0.3592085393652746, 18.641057962008183, 1.0635323305022857]   143
  122   -0.350358   [-0.9912925858741657, -0.10032016296852397, 0.05214678770086569, -0.4803591246289213, 18.653013637660084, 1.0885636817087114]   144
  123   -0.350766   [-0.9914325775767654, -0.10210297900911867, 0.04776259300139092, -0.6028455535810507, 18.662042325934966, 1.1095842233605056]   145
  124   -0.350821   [-0.9914679185838994, -0.1028999426652362, 0.04266394440158776, -0.7258409584213791, 18.669332220925277, 1.1276359315578939]   146
  125   -0.350704   [-0.9917798191489938, -0.10273970844449642, 0.03697733439549115, -0.848907403449012, 18.67652784088932, 1.144786135177181]   147
  126   -0.35072   [-0.992152059046925, -0.10095707022486194, 0.030430077712838753, -0.9724136818789267, 18.68424730817072, 1.1560069317600008]   148
  127   -0.350625   [-0.9930287497638056, -0.0966124393242517, 0.022158533031042357, -1.094758845543175, 18.682971174176338, 1.1720128717651932]   149
  128   -0.350747   [-0.9942147488955216, -0.08617363895245142, 0.010010222668966685, -1.2129139432438147, 18.65928225246178, 1.1804108733945187]   150
  129   -0.350571   [-0.9957297333621415, -0.0565033584815487, -0.008090468030291119, -1.2726313543771932, 18.583581135330544, 1.1465532821859685]   151
  -------------------------------------
  Current level = 2
     Shrink factor = [1, 1, 1]
     Smoothing sigma = 1

  0   -0.319092   [-0.9916412031540319, -0.1026783804299, 0.0403079792456647, -0.7832780576961592, 18.66246777287566, 1.1507717569752787]   152
  1   -0.319166   [-0.9917942238048439, -0.1022244371400659, 0.0378299282386451, -0.8408019806975299, 18.655021532196955, 1.1734930534633192]   153
  2   -0.31921   [-0.9919561125007952, -0.10150871337735523, 0.03521342575982704, -0.8982830209387778, 18.646641718919103, 1.195906548519548]   154
  3   -0.319253   [-0.9921307201295896, -0.10053095680602717, 0.032453167801532457, -0.9557312096269195, 18.636327718446747, 1.2174665994180887]   155
  4   -0.319302   [-0.9923379382232574, -0.09916964432437052, 0.029495084457304834, -1.0132136090165396, 18.62434135180817, 1.2378465147558895]   156
  5   -0.319358   [-0.9926149519902928, -0.0973500883252101, 0.026429802572508095, -1.0702107885765573, 18.609679272349442, 1.2576294725039114]   157
  6   -0.319436   [-0.9929500560064127, -0.09501749850082582, 0.02322152297413979, -1.1261876113455067, 18.591770356192292, 1.2773272209179733]   158
  7   -0.319558   [-0.9932886793387474, -0.09217750467463429, 0.019854466387672375, -1.1812323010402994, 18.571675632213495, 1.2971882670478307]   159
  8   -0.319665   [-0.9935968294847648, -0.08851922148740711, 0.016266637698220385, -1.235757424203174, 18.549423891234454, 1.3152372154999439]   160
  9   -0.31974   [-0.9939485019775812, -0.08378903217917547, 0.0124738385906644, -1.2886453124336303, 18.522962840952864, 1.3310736411005688]   161
  10   -0.319808   [-0.9944120373273782, -0.07758271411050804, 0.008576996899106279, -1.3373474389950437, 18.489358947597825, 1.3446450754141883]   162
  11   -0.31994   [-0.9949316868087391, -0.07004378847889972, 0.004732517387317282, -1.3803802650966333, 18.449938890724777, 1.3591233623629826]   163
  12   -0.320104   [-0.9954904851833989, -0.06022762486642237, 0.0007591679616269767, -1.4166602652082312, 18.40651465220695, 1.3748647819699484]   164
  13   -0.320322   [-0.9958688213328384, -0.0482629897436435, -0.0028876038431538227, -1.4397320034973735, 18.35660151814749, 1.3891858266623833]   165
  14   -0.320511   [-0.9962472986140676, -0.03466989275308006, -0.006288895380404431, -1.443942567012919, 18.303613642566276, 1.4057868851703765]   166
  15   -0.320704   [-0.9964969137214319, -0.022338106433382098, -0.008554617289404463, -1.4218492707368897, 18.256098939825755, 1.4287376685688105]   167
  16   -0.320909   [-0.9964090646879686, -0.012111018144424605, -0.009806069320949249, -1.3840240746693673, 18.21760224057793, 1.4517745687818964]   168
  17   -0.321091   [-0.9964175174923795, -0.0034166819251363455, -0.01067644716952688, -1.3420390240914977, 18.18274625275676, 1.476708968717383]   169
  18   -0.32128   [-0.9966062632698699, 0.0037903548524694723, -0.01079471175741654, -1.2950010797910734, 18.155738096382663, 1.5038196891497033]   170
  19   -0.321566   [-0.9966095417988432, 0.009691721966747549, -0.010474328958449622, -1.2431965642694098, 18.133631365175866, 1.5281747175751874]   171
  20   -0.32175   [-0.9965791777806454, 0.014818617402532909, -0.009831307172500204, -1.18898510243976, 18.115493647612237, 1.551222011087254]   172
  21   -0.321911   [-0.9965380489541291, 0.01947461973870432, -0.008994459881054625, -1.1326694620945592, 18.102712142615985, 1.5731609795157084]   173
  22   -0.322066   [-0.9964925668466985, 0.023493258025270178, -0.007988745221613896, -1.0750644096380635, 18.09328909523815, 1.5938927187359735]   174
  23   -0.322221   [-0.9964257456487594, 0.026985679472946306, -0.0068501880534143356, -1.0165562927536298, 18.08646937631101, 1.6134488571325176]   175
  24   -0.32236   [-0.9963526565764085, 0.03011022247480589, -0.005605167384654802, -0.9576054038609274, 18.08096442355631, 1.6323014061345706]   176
  25   -0.3225   [-0.996310018497647, 0.03291942232625954, -0.00431820841487186, -0.8983388411389333, 18.0767176619454, 1.650645137108431]   177
  26   -0.322659   [-0.9962985635797527, 0.035479756197495216, -0.0030200809035903662, -0.8388404368007955, 18.07353271992381, 1.6685278629311697]   178
  27   -0.322825   [-0.9962668770938863, 0.037817483306547155, -0.001707716028607217, -0.7791942429418713, 18.071198056186027, 1.6862101588389924]   179
  28   -0.32298   [-0.9962123790995648, 0.039956813777842326, -0.00035330752455142397, -0.7195109558781154, 18.069056403201966, 1.7039134648666234]   180
  29   -0.323122   [-0.9961823888741268, 0.041915782721514874, 0.0010217515292145877, -0.6597296556593815, 18.067687280919447, 1.7214037661132702]   181
  30   -0.323273   [-0.99618311160041, 0.04371715815781243, 0.0024450846314269803, -0.5999299150806466, 18.06717210260492, 1.7388516825524136]   182
  31   -0.323434   [-0.996194523880867, 0.04537524001080007, 0.0038531381746146087, -0.5400459676326401, 18.06786770625148, 1.756027849832353]   183
  32   -0.323612   [-0.9962172264775198, 0.04690086969725138, 0.0052276198672624495, -0.48017033686562777, 18.06935825407447, 1.7731976715983637]   184
  33   -0.323792   [-0.996231447295931, 0.048273940223347904, 0.0066146817701852, -0.42044698769336136, 18.0715073325163, 1.790907465138616]   185
  34   -0.32396   [-0.9962417503640686, 0.04953204410596337, 0.008032511752234319, -0.36092199927026963, 18.074200610653904, 1.8092396240264783]   186
  35   -0.324125   [-0.9962535530118547, 0.05069083070278457, 0.009482510565368075, -0.3016052269330352, 18.077246442539675, 1.8281909822876774]   187
  36   -0.324291   [-0.996273373079593, 0.051729897443296424, 0.01097450460202386, -0.24245960627365315, 18.080670930414932, 1.8475949451980618]   188
  37   -0.324451   [-0.9962917609538628, 0.05265893837323176, 0.012498856055921739, -0.1833836500232646, 18.084325093664074, 1.8671878998746414]   189
  38   -0.324601   [-0.9963278605765139, 0.05347266866369995, 0.014025831801517931, -0.1246563745651323, 18.08843917298499, 1.887667518607806]   190
  39   -0.324759   [-0.996341254178279, 0.05411765230451132, 0.015592537188868452, -0.06628110793636662, 18.09286049000975, 1.909178376077267]   191
  40   -0.32489   [-0.9963380535250018, 0.054569419225904275, 0.017213581982544787, -0.008239880165644316, 18.09769380729698, 1.9315508004518944]   192
  41   -0.325   [-0.9963291284845393, 0.05484126116595535, 0.01889828426618134, 0.049491963424848545, 18.10312961903492, 1.9545890848101373]   193
  42   -0.325108   [-0.9963290968734719, 0.05492783830145441, 0.020644721305665394, 0.1066465234147791, 18.109138852564882, 1.9788727195927294]   194
  43   -0.325207   [-0.9963265550504539, 0.05479835179728632, 0.02249282236287178, 0.16302535298904655, 18.11613990847747, 2.0046406421386513]   195
  44   -0.325302   [-0.9962826222019006, 0.05439257505638011, 0.024476683225087167, 0.21838801380984144, 18.123408538314262, 2.032418235285639]   196
  45   -0.325363   [-0.9962781742246798, 0.053641464341828766, 0.026559747870701665, 0.27183108954467383, 18.131926087336794, 2.06336749495553]   197
  46   -0.325437   [-0.9962330240648347, 0.05245955260818818, 0.02876040319945567, 0.3235281538386039, 18.141443765040645, 2.096771967465291]   198
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  126   -0.326772   [-0.9979638804695897, 0.006598835595124731, 0.036598833922254256, 0.3468201939576743, 18.14144166017119, 5.007232476409578]   278
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  132   -0.327567   [-0.9981040373478157, -0.01171051480107132, 0.03401595681513233, 0.12015548324215294, 18.15668481749985, 5.145274978200108]   284
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  140   -0.328027   [-0.9979608509753186, 0.005665670403046849, 0.022152291911407152, 0.01195875157393475, 18.100845833673016, 5.273858112317914]   292
  141   -0.328072   [-0.9977917242024062, 0.008648502674466901, 0.022028170848741924, 0.040662581770414055, 18.0979306487865, 5.283023927251229]   293
  142   -0.327918   [-0.9977982494448427, 0.01135334176009576, 0.022178769664718937, 0.06872218687266397, 18.091395832212516, 5.293781932418422]   294
  143   -0.328007   [-0.9977001977051486, 0.013649282380758325, 0.02256893116729404, 0.09732277586937518, 18.086399836454383, 5.304177798909395]   295
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  148   -0.328211   [-0.997581611573443, 0.01933868520067864, 0.02693495830164724, 0.2428812587256476, 18.06342738651601, 5.35249210942006]   300
  149   -0.328366   [-0.9973786332338491, 0.01897243528405698, 0.028473683189439134, 0.2706344155517432, 18.05977436188588, 5.364910996058993]   301
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  151   -0.328887   [-0.9970216594805247, 0.015794895477230238, 0.03173407730669402, 0.31007035696238466, 18.06208192922827, 5.388443614665577]   303
  152   -0.327864   [-0.99789001111237, 0.013479545232681495, 0.03260229817741824, 0.30586794385338945, 18.05981868774446, 5.400434020590466]   304
  153   -0.329209   [-0.997088331512151, 0.011219550630470823, 0.033861934912404176, 0.3125412913913053, 18.072883939994966, 5.4086362060254345]   305
  154   -0.328003   [-0.9979120981132398, 0.008807121439539066, 0.03436454587637042, 0.3018982782280952, 18.07410094346607, 5.419306448687169]   306
  155   -0.32935   [-0.9970830320478311, 0.006418879424787454, 0.03493794077696918, 0.29747106913625454, 18.08526539950569, 5.427522579417196]   307
  156   -0.328017   [-0.9978653322461432, 0.004372632759226606, 0.035235380531714086, 0.28352185609080793, 18.08614665030472, 5.438104724197793]   308
  157   -0.329289   [-0.9973645804005677, 0.0013017627863656607, 0.03541351047619138, 0.2691111352877279, 18.101548674681425, 5.452382394827086]   309
  158   -0.328438   [-0.997836406600557, -0.0011291480979577862, 0.03523089389030179, 0.24627566559603942, 18.107855121675765, 5.464489805805888]   310
  159   -0.329207   [-0.9976050737479251, -0.0035268148014835736, 0.034954411351709715, 0.2234510696001294, 18.120897469885097, 5.478464872525717]   311
  160   -0.328794   [-0.9978673857808995, -0.005346487062564814, 0.03447711619242908, 0.19810679030349546, 18.126898469397613, 5.492813028730387]   312
  161   -0.329203   [-0.9976597298342652, -0.006910202798953825, 0.03384577353690781, 0.17267144190141054, 18.135655784920136, 5.506318768909291]   313
  162   -0.328804   [-0.9978750587179309, -0.008000596783225695, 0.033156498903621275, 0.14534289183970628, 18.137274863143002, 5.51941486022068]   314
  163   -0.32911   [-0.9977004366928452, -0.00864805445801135, 0.032224905860373035, 0.11772239566478851, 18.14101801184789, 5.53149475612671]   315
  164   -0.328731   [-0.9980074097403074, -0.008755463765878812, 0.03109449914855572, 0.09040871633634454, 18.13896429151179, 5.542841876261721]   316
  165   -0.329142   [-0.9973825325377078, -0.007947938819989585, 0.02963818005879558, 0.06992218654015978, 18.13881227947552, 5.548845968172186]   317
  166   -0.327982   [-0.9981567096114755, -0.006993889051209845, 0.028764794741062357, 0.05465455746563998, 18.129719059476688, 5.554092158056707]   318
  167   -0.329165   [-0.9972809426594694, -0.005509438499734728, 0.027622754970632865, 0.049423796679189634, 18.13236634315802, 5.5573815159634945]   319
  168   -0.327662   [-0.9980963315780299, -0.004222818022828151, 0.026832587448320063, 0.03817227199425688, 18.120011026924715, 5.563509972313603]   320
  169   -0.328852   [-0.9977784965473928, -0.0019062755870109939, 0.02586818630693489, 0.04437944856363644, 18.11923049539006, 5.569495605872543]   321
  170   -0.328264   [-0.9981781189200302, 0.00022790411024298934, 0.02517290406090805, 0.04670192790280608, 18.115006049601426, 5.574939270877709]   322
  171   -0.328854   [-0.9979081825685077, 0.0016235410704112246, 0.024943449040382027, 0.058231872997816944, 18.115943544641205, 5.578167034764932]   323
  172   -0.328409   [-0.9978968304012918, 0.0037959584752240262, 0.024662216004632437, 0.07207154884717883, 18.1128574036177, 5.5830365669998905]   324
  173   -0.328407   [-0.9978096351515106, 0.005515796083539976, 0.024530631454373685, 0.08614390867346619, 18.109354945165183, 5.5868473380777965]   325
  174   -0.328313   [-0.9978290613707435, 0.00710109500052061, 0.02447689755028835, 0.10002478285564438, 18.1043911734369, 5.590835956008005]   326
  175   -0.328369   [-0.9978652018598593, 0.008469011229624545, 0.024480879201082648, 0.11417133496712462, 18.100731140552995, 5.595388140741755]   327
  176   -0.328457   [-0.9978151687795181, 0.009691299896297894, 0.024562164510245746, 0.12879189938382474, 18.098616345330804, 5.599677697317937]   328
  177   -0.328425   [-0.9978201156118147, 0.010813356229476925, 0.02474659914227113, 0.14342811810289885, 18.09634471458299, 5.60404874865308]   329
  178   -0.328478   [-0.9977539076267921, 0.01179155966459417, 0.02504149740038315, 0.15817254427410934, 18.094040939972267, 5.607891693762574]   330
  179   -0.328441   [-0.9977576117724656, 0.012644302015210334, 0.025384492066587418, 0.1728278943828135, 18.09062819069144, 5.611603129447805]   331
  180   -0.328496   [-0.9977094180799482, 0.013349478654446661, 0.025807452534086672, 0.187536650811284, 18.08725169416911, 5.615184470293326]   332
  181   -0.328487   [-0.9977019982114267, 0.013896543859251806, 0.026311134899186135, 0.20203938701452556, 18.083098186720935, 5.618947552066965]   333
  182   -0.328538   [-0.9976674429887237, 0.01423336025353041, 0.026876624525221056, 0.21672006456616774, 18.079336280081645, 5.622482574755173]   334
  183   -0.32855   [-0.9976474876227269, 0.014351980388234447, 0.02753161563345445, 0.23123420496510427, 18.075079986909184, 5.62616906709]   335
  184   -0.328579   [-0.9976146942028096, 0.014156821958032095, 0.028312338062541857, 0.2456890009085579, 18.07087673901216, 5.630007979993603]   336
  185   -0.328596   [-0.9976277483364442, 0.013528981061898867, 0.029232502324832085, 0.25979239666631915, 18.06651744591542, 5.634507975172578]   337
  186   -0.32868   [-0.9975444180293487, 0.012137592603244629, 0.030402173263964945, 0.27377022392829653, 18.06485954926698, 5.639811526751728]   338
  187   -0.328625   [-0.9978356549100964, 0.009599736357496258, 0.031594408543284956, 0.27741534829266257, 18.06085480280145, 5.6488118434329015]   339
  188   -0.329149   [-0.9974662392837803, 0.008150163701208855, 0.032293059284503114, 0.27764056172017376, 18.068384699306105, 5.654517954120231]   340
  189   -0.32858   [-0.9978001612285504, 0.006560688419375774, 0.03262102428415324, 0.2680943966280872, 18.068331212031968, 5.658979260949462]   341
  190   -0.329138   [-0.9977172917104623, 0.004701443347259673, 0.03295530672890162, 0.26183363945601146, 18.07871701186006, 5.667625471749657]   342
  191   -0.329003   [-0.9977792505702892, 0.0029720677914548185, 0.033177265458208476, 0.25144997025136073, 18.08663812298497, 5.67516118705311]   343
  192   -0.329109   [-0.9977011337400666, 0.001415875374106352, 0.03324642954801077, 0.24000885192481414, 18.093478850028777, 5.682187882923784]   344
  193   -0.328967   [-0.9978116488228801, 0.00009079428294273841, 0.03318891534992891, 0.22763509346113087, 18.098944483806477, 5.688545523141943]   345
  194   -0.329143   [-0.9976971292170964, -0.0010215635677111108, 0.03308732760202188, 0.21526737093400874, 18.105116045067057, 5.694189026806784]   346
  195   -0.328936   [-0.9978528276739366, -0.0019001877054706197, 0.03287735415010303, 0.20237980989576385, 18.10946070686266, 5.699581426132607]   347
  196   -0.329183   [-0.9976785239290685, -0.0027094947114772853, 0.0325688979528428, 0.1901083602784944, 18.114925204821528, 5.70420362008804]   348
  197   -0.328861   [-0.9979029361409855, -0.0032284018718885133, 0.03227031933257928, 0.177245056326962, 18.117420808167083, 5.708105280760299]   349
  198   -0.329211   [-0.9976472782803707, -0.003721185838935605, 0.031872411488001746, 0.16571921970740355, 18.121252758234412, 5.711480019832107]   350
  199   -0.328734   [-0.9979381262606579, -0.0039185981584585, 0.03152729321201497, 0.15385054057054554, 18.122308219197258, 5.71439833532196]   351

  Generating output ... 
  Result = 
     Versor X      = -0.996279
     Versor Y      = 0.0106722
     Versor Z      = 0.0362385
     Translation X = 0.370248
     Translation Y = 18.1505
     Translation Z = 4.98342
     Iterations    = 200
     Metric value  = -0.329491

  Matrix = 
  0.997146 -0.0268792 -0.070554
  -0.0156508 -0.987772 0.155121
  -0.0738607 -0.153574 -0.985373

  Offset = 
  [-0.544034, -17.4274, -9.67461]

The problem is, at level 1 (the second level), the value of versor X changes drastically from 0.9665892 to -0.9253578 in the first iteration. After the big jump, the optimizer can not recover from it anymore. Is it because the discontinuity of the parameters between level 0 and 1, or should I increase the smoothing sigma at level 0 and 1? Any idea to improve the results?

Thanks.
Fang